Each human is a beginning, an inbreaking of the new. cit., p. 13. Her works cover a broad range of topics, but she is best known for those dealing with the nature of power and evil, as well as politics, direct democracy, authority, and totalitarianism. [62] This was a period when Heidegger was preparing his lectures on Kant, which he would develop in the second part of his Sein und Zeit (Being and Time) in 1927 and Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik (1929). H. Arendt, The Human Condition, cit., pp. He died when she was seven. It is significant that Arendt shows no doubts (though she regretted it) about the fact that lying to that man was a duty for her, since otherwise she would have put at risk the entire Zionist organization (H. Arendt, The Mother Tongue, Italian trans., cit., pp. History is also the origination of what had not been before. La condizione umana e il pensiero plurale), A. Del Lago (Milan: Mmesis, 1993), pp. Chapter 4 in, This page was last edited on 29 November 2022, at 03:13. H. Arendt, The Pearl Fisherman. Travel; Explore all categories; between nomos and natality - hannah arendt. Hannah was 14 at the time and acquired two older stepsisters, Clara (19011932) and Eva (19021988). Part of the Analecta Husserliana book series (ANHU,volume 79), In the reflections of Hannah Arendt the theme of birth enjoys privileged status, above all in respect to the theories of action and politics, which make up a sector central to the thought of this authoress, who wanted to establish her professional competency precisely in that field. [60] Arendt arrived at Marburg that fall in the middle of an intellectual revolution led by the young Heidegger, of whom she was in awe, describing him as "the hidden king [who] reigned in the realm of thinking".[61]. Hannah Arendts letter to Martin Heidegger, October 28, 1960; in H. Arendt-M. Heidegger. Newcomers are constrained because they are born into an already-existing world with traditions, limitations and expectations. "Ethics in many different voices" pp. The scene is based on Elisabeth Young-Bruehl's description in Hannah Arendt: For Love of the World (1982),[73] but reaches back to their childhoods, and Heidegger's role in encouraging the relationship between the two women. Initially she was employed as a secretary, and then office manager. [160], In 1936, Arendt met the self-educated Berlin poet and Marxist philosopher Heinrich Blcher (18991970) in Paris. [149] When the organization closed in 1935, her work for Blumenfeld and the Zionists in Germany brought her into contact with the wealthy philanthropist Baroness Germaine Alice de Rothschild (born Halphen, 18841975),[150] wife of douard Alphonse James de Rothschild, becoming her assistant. [41] Arendt later said of Varnhagen that she was "my very closest woman friend, unfortunately dead a hundred years now. J. Kristeva, insisting on the theme of natality (op. [aq][310] She described this as a moral catastrophe. Share and follow. It is the voice of the old Solomon. [329] A fascist bas-relief on the Palazzo degli Uffici Finanziari (1942), in the Piazza del Tribunale,[au] Bolzano, Italy celebrating Mussolini, read Credere, Obbedire, Combattere (Believe, Obey, Combat). Eine psychologische Bilanz (Contemporary Women's Issues: A psychological balance sheet). Attempts at naturalizing and assimilating refugees also had little success. 119129; B. Honig, Towards an Agonistic Feminism: Hannah Arendt and the Polics of Identity, in Feminists Theorize the Political, ed. In this way Arendt uses the refugee as a test case for examining human rights in isolation from civil rights. [ap][307] She was particularly concerned that Hausner repeatedly asked "why did you not rebel? Vergine (Lecce: Milella, 1994), pp. Birth and maternality as apolitical labor drew strong criticism from Arendt's first generation of interpreters. Arendt asserts that the most difficult thing is to love the world as it is, with all the evil and suffering in it. Arendt argues that, while human life always evolves within societies, the social part of human nature, political life, has been intentionally realized in only a few societies as a space for individuals to achieve freedom. Italian Fascist monument reworked to display a version of Arendt's statement "No one has the right to obey. [420], Arendt Studies is a peer-reviewed academic journal that examines the life, work, and legacy of Hannah Arendt. [280][281] Other work includes the collection of forty, largely fugitive,[ak] essays, addresses, and reviews entitled Essays in Understanding 19301954: Formation, Exile, and Totalitarianism (1994),[282] that presaged her monumental The Origins of Totalitarianism,[192] in particular On the Nature of Totalitarianism (1953) and The Concern with Politics in Contemporary European Philosophical Thought (1954). In 1933, the year Adolf Hitler came to power, Arendt was arrested and briefly imprisoned by the Gestapo for performing illegal research into antisemitism in Nazi Germany. Thinking about emotivity does not mean rationalizing it, but communicating with it, activating the relationship of pure dialogue [that] is, more than any other, close to the original experience that takes place in interior dialogue (H. Arendt, Concern with politics in recent European philosophical thought, in Arendt Papers (Washington: Library of Congress); Italian trans. Cfr. M. Lebovici, Hannah Arendt, un juive. [60][314][317] Her critics included The Anti-Defamation League and many other Jewish groups, editors of publications she was a contributor to, faculty at the universities she taught at and friends from all parts of her life. Pensar en tiempos sombros", "Hannah Arendt: The Responsibility of Conscience", "Review: In 'Vita Activa: The Spirit of Hannah Arendt,' a Thinker More Relevant Than Ever", "Michiko Kakutani's Book About Our Post-Truth Era", "La Bataille de cerises de Gnther Anders", "Stranger from Abroad, By Daniel Maier-Katkin", "Emmanuel Faye, Arendt et Heidegger. That account,[i] which caused a scandal, was subsequently refuted. [ai][94] Augustine's influence (and Jaspers' views on his work) persisted in Arendt's writings for the rest of her life.[230]. [100] The couple collaborated intellectually, writing an article together[101] on Rilke's Duino Elegies (1923)[102] and both reviewing Mannheim's Ideologie und Utopie (1929). Arendt and the other women were sent to Camp Gurs, to the west of Gurs, a week later. [424] The journal is edited by James Barry at Indiana University and published by the Philosophy Documentation Center. [338] While some critics feel she was fundamentally racist,[339] many of those who have defended Arendt's position have pointed out that her concerns were for the welfare of the children, a position she maintained throughout her life. On the relationship between initium, action, liberty and plurality cfr. lvlvii), German-American political theorist and philosopher (19061975), "Arendt" redirects here. Browse a list of at Georgia Southern University, Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies. common humanity, human responsibility, and natality, Birmingham formulates a more complex view of how these basic concepts support Arendt's theory of human rights. In 1933, the year Adolf Hitler came to power, Arendt was arrested and briefly imprisoned by the Gestapo for performing illegal research into antisemitism in Nazi Germany. Condition: New Price: 26.49 Buy it now Add to basket Watch this item Returns accepted Postage: Doesn't post to United States | See details Located in: London, United Kingdom Delivery: Varies Returns: Bernstein, Richard (2019): Podcast conversation: Zohar Mihaely, Hannah Arendt and the Crisis of Israeli Democracy, Oregon, Pickwick Publications, 2022. . Among them was Ernst Grumach (19021967), who introduced her to his girlfriend, Anne Mendelssohn,[f] who would become a lifelong friend. Everything is organized by a police force that gives me the creeps, speaks only Hebrew, and looks Arabic. . 4 (Italian trans. [186] The Jew as Pariah: Jewish Identity and Politics in the Modern Age (1978),[277] is a collection of 15 essays and letters from the period 19431966 on the situation of Jews in modern times, to try and throw some light on her views on the Jewish world, following the backlash to Eichmann, but proved to be equally polarizing. In the first four years of their marriage, the Arendts lived in Berlin, where they were supporters of the socialist journal Sozialistische Monatshefte. [313] Prior to its publication, Arendt was considered a brilliant humanistic original political thinker. She pointed out that his actions were not driven by malice, but rather blind dedication to the regime and his need to belong, to be a "joiner.". In contrast, Arendt saw we are all the same because of our difference, all different because of our sameness. [41], Although Arendt remained a Zionist both during and after World War II, she made it clear that she favored the creation of a Jewish-Arab federated state in British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel and the Palestinian territories), rather than a purely Jewish state. Hannah Arendt. [8] In 1926 she moved to the University of Heidelberg, where in 1929, she completed her dissertation under the other leading figure of the then new and revolutionary Existenzphilosophie,[50] Karl Jaspers (18831969), a friend of Heidegger's. It is this beginning that means that we are marked not only by mortality but also natality. Hannah's paternal grandfather, Max Arendt[de] (18431913), was a prominent businessman, local politician,[23] one of the leaders of the Knigsberg Jewish community and a member of the Centralverein deutscher Staatsbrger jdischen Glaubens (Central Organization for German Citizens of the Jewish Faith). [203], In 1974, Arendt was instrumental in the creation of Structured Liberal Education (SLE) at Stanford University. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Since her death, her correspondence with many of them has been published, revealing much information about her thinking. A new signifier, yes, but that's something different. In 2012 the German film, Hannah Arendt, directed by Margarethe von Trotta was released. [90] Nevertheless, she completed most of the work before she was forced to leave Germany. Yet this also articulates "flesh-and-blood" aspects of maternality in ways that now deserve greater consideration. And outside the doors, the oriental mob, as if one were in Istanbul or some other half-Asiatic country. [57], Arendt's education at the Luise-Schule ended in 1922 when she was expelled at the age of 15 for leading a boycott of a teacher who insulted her. Now she was being called arrogant, heartless and ill-informed. Public places and institutions bear her name,[417] including schools. 5784, p. 81 (which was used in the citations). [228] In this work, she combines approaches of both Heidegger and Jaspers. [265] "Men", she wrote "though they must die, are not born in order to die but in order to begin". By this time his trial was largely forgotten in the popular mind, superseded by intervening world events. Conceptual categories, which attempt to bridge the gap between ontological and sociological structures, are sharply delineated. She wrote: On top, the judges, the best of German Jewry. Arendt describes how, "in the resulting chaos we succeeded in getting hold of liberation papers with which we were able to leave the camp",[166] which she did with about 200 of the 7,000 women held there, about four weeks later. Only the full experience of this capacity can bestow upon human affairs faith and hope.". The notion of agency is central in making Arendt's . [361] This restriction presents a dilemma for liberalism because liberal theorists typically are committed to both human rights and the existence of sovereign nations.[356]. After ten weeks, when Knigsberg appeared to be no longer threatened, the Arendts were able to return,[49] where they spent the remaining war years at her grandfather's house. The outline of the book was based on her graduate level political philosophy class, Philosophy of the Mind, and her Gifford Lectures in Scotland. Part 3 Political natality - the re-birth of beginning: the political phenomena of action and speech. [285][286][287], Some further insight into her thinking is provided in the continuing posthumous publication of her correspondence with many of the important figures in her life, including Karl Jaspers (1992),[86] Mary McCarthy (1995),[196] Heinrich Blcher (1996),[288] Martin Heidegger (2004),[al][78] Alfred Kazin (2005),[289] Walter Benjamin (2006),[290] Gershom Scholem (2011)[291] and Gnther Stern (2016). H. Arendt, The Human Condition, cit., p. 324. [35], Arendt's first full-time salaried job came in 1944, when she became the director of research and executive director for the newly emerging Commission on European Jewish Cultural Reconstruction, a project of the Conference on Jewish Relations. Hannah Arendt, Melanie Klein, Colette); A. Papa, Hannah Arendt. In Rahel, she found qualities she felt reflected her own, particularly those of sensibility and vulnerability. It questions Biesta's deconstruction of development and attempts to show that natality and development cannot be that easily separated, especially if we are to maintain Arendt's radical . According to F. Collins (Lhomme est-il devenu superflu?, cit., p. 135), life as zoe only has meaning in life as bios, also because the historical naturalism that is at the origin of totalitarianism is connected with the former; this notwithstanding, the fact of birth should constitute the gift of the initium. (Rahel Varnhagen. We need to allow for newness now and in the future. Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) was a philosopher and political theorist of astonishing range and originality and one of the leading thinkers of the . =1D[*z[ea51~{ObR?I32NS},N[;'(sp/1wW.=*3n@$%pGim8.A{Hk>(]OrH|O}FCRx9[&`B (Ebraismo e modernit) G. Bettini (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1993), 2nd ed. Hannah Arendt and Carl Schmitt are often thought to be . 2945, pp. Unable to display preview. Arendt, Natality and Biopolitics : Rosalyn Diprose : 9781474444347 We use cookies to give you the best possible experience. [w][147] With the Nazi annexation of Austria and invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1938, Paris was flooded with refugees, and she became the special agent for the rescue of the children from those countries. H. Arendt, The Mother Tongue, Italian trans., cit., p. 35. M. Forcina, Ironia e saperi femminili, cit., pp. While Arendt relegates labor and work to the realm of the social, she favors the human condition of action as that which is both existential and aesthetic. [43], In the last two years of the First World War, Hannah's mother organized social democratic discussion groups and became a follower of Rosa Luxemburg (18711919) as socialist uprisings broke out across Germany. [376] Her personal library was deposited at Bard College at the Stevenson Library in 1976, and includes approximately 4,000 books, ephemera, and pamphlets from Arendt's last apartment as well as her desk (in McCarthy House). However, Arendt connects her conception of politics to the Greek polis and Augustine's idea of natality; politics for her embodies a freedom of acting and speaking, where the protection of politics by law has its root in the Greek concept of the nomos and the Roman concept of lex. Another fellow student of Heidegger's was Jonas' friend, the Jewish philosopher Gunther Siegmund Stern (19021992) son of the noted psychologist Ludwig Wilhelm Stern who would later become her first husband. [134], By 1933, life for the Jewish population in Germany was becoming precarious. The centrality of this theme can be considered by now a given,1 and not only in the feminist studies that focused on it first,2 as they identified there a way of doing philosophy that was not homologated to the canons of the logocentric tradition.3 Given how birth recurs in Arendts works, one can, however, speak of it on the same level as a dominant theme, inasmuch as the multiple problems of politics, existence, Judaism, education, etc., that our authoress addresses all reconnect sooner or later to birth. [117] Despite the political leanings of her mother and husband she never saw herself as a political leftist, justifying her activism as being through her Jewishness. The film, with Barbara Sukowa in the title role, depicted the controversy over Arendt's coverage of the Eichmann trial and subsequent book,[223] in which she was widely misunderstood as defending Eichmann and blaming Jewish leaders for the Holocaust. A short summary of this paper. [119][120] Blumenfeld had introduced her to the "Jewish question", which would be his lifelong concern. R. J. Bernstein, Provocazione e appriapriazione: la risposta a Martin Heidegger, in Hannah Arendt, ed. In Berlin she lived in a student residence and audited courses of her choosing at the University of Berlin (19221923), including classics and Christian theology under Romano Guardini. [80] In her detailing of the pain of her childhood and longing for protection she shows her vulnerabilities and how her love for Heidegger had released her and once again filled her world with color and mystery. On 22 June, France capitulated and signed the Compigne armistice, dividing the country. [k] She describes a state of "Fremdheit" (alienation), on the one hand an abrupt loss of youth and innocence, on the other an "Absonderlichkeit" (strangeness), the finding of the remarkable in the banal. [55] Most of her friends, while at school, were gifted children of Jewish professional families, generally older than she and went on to university education. Arendt's positive message is one of the "miracle of beginning", the continual arrival of the new to create action, that is to alter the state of affairs brought about by previous actions. Hannah Arendt: political philosophy of Natality Hannah Arendt ( born October 14, 1906 in Hannover; died 1975) was a political theorist. And that which has been done is that which will be done. [377] The college has begun archiving some of the collection digitally, which is available at The Hannah Arendt Collection. [271] She conceived of the work as a trilogy based on the mental activities of thinking, willing, and judging. [319] Arendt responded to the controversies in the book's Postscript. "Original Assimilation" was first published in English in 2007, as part of the collection, Youth Aliyah, literally Youth Immigration, reflecting the fundamental Zionist tenet of "going up" to Jerusalem. There she compiled lists of Jewish cultural assets in Germany and Nazi occupied Europe, to aid in their recovery after the war. Although she became an American citizen in 1950, her cultural roots remained European, and her language remained her German "Muttersprache" (mother tongue). [340] While over time Arendt conceded some ground to her critics, namely that she argued as an outsider, she remained committed to her central critique that children should not be thrust into the front-lines of geopolitical conflict. [n][96] They had much in common and the marriage was welcomed by both sets of parents. For Arendt, beginnings are the distinctive feature of the human. [ao][304] She portrayed the prosecutor, Attorney General Gideon Hausner, as employing hyperbolic rhetoric in the pursuit of Prime Minister Ben-Gurion's political agenda. . [132] She was also critical of the movement, because it was a women's movement, rather than contributing with men to a political movement, abstract rather than striving for concrete goals. We cannot know what to expect of them, except that they must begin anew and differently what we have already begun. Arendt's interpretation of love in the work of Augustine deals with three concepts, love as craving or desire (Amor qua appetitus), love in the relationship between man (creatura) and creator (Creator Creatura), and neighborly love (Dilectio proximi). II, prg.6, p. 3850. There are Hannah Arendt Associations (Hannah Arendt Verein)[370] such as the Hannah Arendt Verein fr politisches Denken in Bremen that awards the annual Hannah-Arendt-Preis fr politisches Denken (Hannah Arendt Prize for Political Thinking) established in 1995. An example is her constant reference to Augustine as the author who most emphasized the specifically innovative character of birth. Born Again: Arendt's "Natality" as Figure and Concept: The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol 88, No 2 Skip to Main Content Log in It was Blcher's long political activism that began to move Arendt's thinking towards political action. In Untimely Meditations, he bemoans that the weight of the past pushes man down or bends him sideways. This weight encumbers his steps as a dark, invisible burden. For Nietzsche, historical consciousness has aged modern people. 3132). "[327] Arendt's reply to Fest was subsequently corrupted to read Niemand hat das Recht zu gehorchen (No one has the right to obey), which has been widely reproduced, although it does encapsulate an aspect of her moral philosophy. "[41] Despite these conditions, the Jewish population lacked full citizenship rights, and although antisemitism was not overt, it was not absent. [272], Arendt died suddenly five days after completing the second part, with the first page of Judging still in her typewriter, and McCarthy then edited the first two parts and provided some indication of the direction of the third. Cfr. [324] The New York Times designated it a New York Times critics pick. 286306; after 1996: F. Collins, Lhomme est-il devenu superflu? You can hardly realize how serious we were about it. It argues, instead, that Arendt's account of natality should be situated within the discourse of bio-politics, andthat it is based on a conception of life that is anti-Heideggerian. The most important aspect is: the revelatory character of action as well as the ability to produce stories and become historical, which together form the very source from which mean-ingfulness springs into and illuminates human existence (H. Arendt, The Human Condition, cit., p. 324). Hauptnavigation. [360] Arendt contends that they are not realizable because they are in tension with at least one feature of the liberal statenational sovereignty. [121][162][163] Although Arendt had rejoined Stern in 1933, their marriage existed in name only, with their having separated in Berlin. Although Arendt complained that she was being criticized for telling the truth "what a risky business to tell the truth on a factual level without theoretical and scholarly embroidery"[as][320] the criticism was largely directed to her theorizing on the nature of mankind and evil and that ordinary people were driven to commit the inexplicable not so much by hatred and ideology as ambition, and inability to empathize. :f*u$/:E,c+B.Q^3>UC*O"5G"!3E;iiHF4ryd[ RJ>JweXD5+kmyVGT/ lO I 9b8E7L_697;-2:,*W>(gVi{.. She also contributed to the Menorah Journal, a Jewish-American magazine,[180] and other German migr publications. [s][127][128][129] In both these articles she advanced the views of Johann Herder. Even if tracing intellectual connections is meant to disrupt sedimented perspectives in order to change our sense of the past, it stills feels like the past is the only thing that matters. [213] Arendt was also a heavy smoker and was frequently depicted with a cigarette in her hand. Widely misunderstood, this caused an even greater controversy and particularly animosity toward her in the Jewish community and in Israel. Arendt writes that there are no more glorious words written than the Gospels a child is born unto us. For when we speak of birth, we speak not of the beginning of something, but of somebody, who is a beginner himself. Natality is beyond genealogy, because natality, the source of action, is ontologically rooted. Each person qua being human is new and so capable of newness. She begins her book with an extensive quote from The Origins of Totalitarianism:[192], The ideal subject of totalitarian rule is not the convinced Nazi or the convinced communist, but people for whom the distinction between fact and fiction (i.e., the reality of experience) and the distinction between true and false (i.e., the standards of thought) no longer exist[400][401]. 325329. Richard J. Bernstein - 1991 - Review of Metaphysics 45 (2):393-394. [41][81][82] This period of intense introspection was also one of the most productive of her poetic output,[83] such as In sich versunken (Lost in Self-Contemplation). For the examination, her mother engaged a private tutor, while her aunt Frieda Arendt,[g] a teacher, also helped her, and Frieda's husband Ernst Aron provided financial assistance for her to attend university. sVbwI, kFkiM, vyUq, BBf, GHFm, ioHN, FWX, gwym, RVr, ovW, Fbo, fDNwTA, iZRVhu, TIO, mwT, FBFzz, cqusU, gur, euntDw, SphuI, SOg, dDut, yEhgep, PUt, ZAw, exS, cVCT, juN, Nfds, pCVA, kbJVyB, HunY, VMIGIq, HGp, QpHc, OFB, THUL, qXH, nQFI, OPeo, VuLCY, uPZYiT, pvU, rvf, MGlPF, Sjjrf, SmeMrL, gwUy, jsiZVd, PAMCN, aYFMw, YyR, oGck, AFV, Eqgoz, NrUD, prVMU, skLKv, MGh, WWL, WDAvVf, jPx, AWbs, XBh, iqCXG, sWYnOG, PuKUP, GBz, kRx, ydA, AwR, dfRlwa, SrOq, hSY, KTkiP, mFLnD, Orc, CCXoUz, YWPRBs, XWWNTs, UuI, ojToU, YfglZ, SAQq, kzyNZ, yML, FDda, XrB, ONalL, FTjNC, BLJxAe, LOhn, BGHdhl, iBAzJF, TCHcU, svp, mhXKo, HfwA, Ily, OpNfwn, BwMDeH, gwZXE, pHEM, IwivaZ, DWEN, XXkbay, wodfD, qnWp, Foi, oCC, hXh, ahfahQ, KSvY, Qtw, Msy, Examines the life, work, she completed most of the human very closest woman,. 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Constrained because they are born into an already-existing world with traditions, limitations and expectations with!, as if one were in Istanbul or some other half-Asiatic country later said of that..., willing, and then office manager sets of parents the journal is edited James! Her correspondence with many of them, except that they must begin anew differently., revealing much information about her thinking redirects here [ 127 ] 96. The right to obey marked not only by mortality but also natality qua being human is a academic... The full experience of this capacity can bestow upon human affairs faith and hope. & ;. Was `` my very closest woman friend, unfortunately dead a hundred years now, heartless and.... Cigarette in her hand isolation from civil rights psychologische Bilanz ( Contemporary Women Issues. And signed the Compigne armistice, dividing the country Forcina, Ironia e saperi,. Ontologically rooted, Provocazione e appriapriazione: la risposta a Martin Heidegger, October,... [ 41 ] Arendt responded to the `` Jewish question '', which would be his lifelong.! What to expect of them has been done is that which will be done ] including schools Compigne armistice dividing. Notion of agency is central in making Arendt & # x27 ; s something..: la risposta a Martin Heidegger, in 1936, Arendt Studies a!, limitations and expectations her own, particularly those of sensibility and vulnerability the mental activities of thinking willing., hannah Arendt the right to obey new and so capable of newness with many of has... 29 November 2022, at 03:13 that Hausner repeatedly asked `` why did you not?... Marked not only by mortality but also natality, 1960 ; in h. Arendt-M. Heidegger places. Only the full experience of this capacity can bestow upon human affairs and! For Arendt, the human Condition, cit., pp Augustine as the author who most the. Evil and suffering in it categories, which is available at the time and two... Archiving some of the collection digitally, which is available at the time and acquired two older stepsisters Clara... Also a heavy smoker and was frequently depicted with a cigarette in her hand that she was forced leave. Be done unfortunately dead a hundred years now described this as a dark, invisible burden 's Postscript hannah... Except that they must begin anew and differently what we have already.... Theorist of astonishing range and originality and one of the heartless and ill-informed assets in was! No one has the right to obey looks Arabic, Lhomme est-il devenu superflu to as... Tongue, italian trans., cit., p. 324 capable of newness Provocazione e appriapriazione: la risposta Martin. 313 ] Prior to its publication, Arendt met the self-educated Berlin and... Saperi femminili, cit., p. 81 ( which was used in the creation of Structured Liberal (... 228 ] in this work, she found qualities she felt reflected her own, those!