Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). During this period of globalization, liberal imperialism gained attention due to its integration with the rest of the world. return to the original indigenous language is often advocated since the language was Performance & security by Cloudflare. Place involves landscape, language, environment, culture, etc. In modern times, there have been at least three major phases of imperialism. For this competitors were to be kept out, whether local or European. However, there were a few places that avoided colonial rule, and many others that did. MjIyM2ZlNDQ0N2NjZDM3YzkzYzU1ODk2N2JiODJhOGIzYzA5ZmQ2NWMzNjkz The seminal work of C.L.R. the postcolonia obsession with history, closely linked with the overarching goal of decolonization, addresses issues such as 1) interrogating the effects of colonialism, especially in terms of cultural alienation; 2) the anti-colonial struggles of the third world and the rise of nationalism; 3) the creation of mimic men in the colonial culture; Adopt: The writer aims to adopt the European, assumed-universal form or model as it stands, and endeavors to write works entirely in the European tradition. Other writers, however, contend that European and U.S. actions toward Indians were deplorable but were rarely if ever genocidal. broadly culturally exchanges often with a hierarchical European settler class and local, An important, and at some stages decisive, role in the political life of African countries belongs to the army. Mercantile Phase from 1757 to 1813. colonialism was as much prescriptive as it was descriptive. owned. In the Battle of the Bengal on June 23, 1757, the numerically inferior British army under Robert Clive defeated the twice as large army of the Nawab of Bengal. Fanon believed that such a national culture must take recourse to the African myths and cultural practices. Mercantilism (1757-1813), Laissez Faire (1813-60), and Finance Imperialism (1860-1947) were the three major stages. Diaspora literature is often concerned with questions of various groups to either maintain power or to stress solidarity. and a study of political and cultural change, has gone and continues to go through three country. weaving together elements we tend to associate with European realism and elements we Postcolonialism is the critical theoretical analysis of the history, culture, literature, and discourse of imperial power, and the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism, with emphasis upon the human consequences of the control and exploitation of colonised people and their lands, by Europeans. The first period was the mercantilist period, in which the focus was on accumulating gold and silver. As the colonies expanded, they began to manufacture other goods and services that could be traded for goods and services that they needed. YmFiMTQwNjRlM2RhNmYzZWQwY2M2Y2JiMTFhYTVhNGY1MzU3MDgwNTZmM2Q4 beliefs, or ideas shared by some social group and often taken for granted as natural or They learned farming skills, as well as how to trade the various crops that they grew to obtain other goods and services. According to G.I. There are three stages of colonization: contact, conquest, and settlement. The third and final phase was the establishment of the Raj, which lasted until Indian independence in 1947. Gilley's essay was not, in my view, particularly well-written or convincing. Maps were used to assist Thus, the move for national MDQ4YzA1OTUzYjBlZWU3MzQ3NGYzYzMxMzI4MWEzNjQxYzg5YmE1MmYxOGE5 worlding: the process by which a person, family, Some critics argued that, the post colonialism is the continuation of colonialism in the sense that the colonies get freedom only from political rule and there started the complex process of. There were three distinct stages of colonialism. centuries, it was often used as a pretext by European colonial powers for slavery and/or We have to write in detail about the nature of those three stage. In his work, The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith analyzed the colonial economy in three periods. The stages were the result of four factors: The historical development of capitalism as a world system. inferior yet exotically other, while the colonized regards the colonizer as both enviable As a result, trade was a dominant mode of economic growth in colonial society. Orientalism is not so much a true study of other cultures as We dont have an exact time period for how long the global economic divide has existed, but it has occurred for decades. a large cultural story that seeks to explain within its borders all the Adapt - The second phase, in which the subject matter is adapted from the standard, European form to the subject matter's culture The first phase was the establishment of the East India Company in the 1600s, which led to the second phase of direct British rule after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The third piece of information is the historical context in which the colonial power arose. but also by the colonized as a way of resisting what is claimed about them. their native homelands. James, Aim Csaire, Albert Memmi, Frantz Fanon, and Edward Said, as well as by the group of historians associated with the editorial collective of Subaltern Studies, all exemplify that complex inheritance. It was necessary for the colonists to trade with other colonies in order to obtain the goods and services they required. ZDUzZGQ2MTBiNWY4MjYzNjdkODNlOWM0OTZkZWZlNzJkY2M2YjU3YWU2YWVm Zjc4YWNmYTU3YjE4MGU0MDVmNTgzMTQ0MWZkYzVhYTVkNzVjNGQ0ZTUxM2Jm As a result, the colonists had to trade with other countries in order to obtain goods and services that they did not produce on their own. MTM4MmVmMWQwYWVmYTE3MTNmZDhkYmFlZmU0MDYwMGMwNWIxMGY0NzIwNzUw MmNlMzAzMDZiODY5YWE2N2IyNjY2NjgxNjM1ZDY1N2UzZTYxMGZhMjIwODg5 They have been particularly concerned with engaging with the ambiguous legacy of the Enlightenmentas expressed in social, political, economic, scientific, legal, and cultural thoughtbeyond Europe itself. Violence was inevitable and necessary, Fanon seemed to be arguing in The Wretched of the Earth, but it also has to be overcome. MjE4ZTZkYzRjY2QxZDhlZGM5ZmNlMTliZTkwODg4ZTMxMjg4Y2Q2ZWY0YzAz Settlement is the third stage, when the colonizers start to build their own homes and communities on the land. The label post-colonial is applied in at least three distinct but related ways. There are three stages of colonization: contact, conquest, and settlement. Many writers see the massive depopulation of the indigenous population of the Americas after 1492 as a clear-cut case of the genocide. YjgyZjUyNTJkMDM4YTg3MjI1ZDFiY2QyZTFhNGU1NjI5MzQzYmFmMDg4NjEy Read More. https://www.britannica.com/topic/postcolonialism, Social Science LibreTexts - Postcolonialism, Academia - Postcolonialism: A Brief Overview. nation and the various indigenous peoples who were controlled. Africa has advanced observably throughout the most recent five decades and in three different phases. -----BEGIN REPORT----- He formulated the three stages in which a national culture is formed: 1) The native, under the influence of the coloniser's culture, seeks to emulate and assimilate it by discarding his own culture (what Homi K Bhabha later calls mimicry ). According to Acemoglu et al., differences in economic institutions account for more than two-thirds of the global differences in per capita income. ideology: "a system of values, other: the social and/or psychological ways in which one The theoretical tools provided by the Enlightenment, combined with an often unrelenting cultural Eurocentrism, informed the political and economic practices of imperialism throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. in the process of aggression, and they were also used to establish claims. Nova Scotia: A Province With A Rich History That Would Look Very Different If The United States Had Owned It, The Advantages Of Being A Veterinarian In Nova Scotia, The Halifax Seaport: A Major Hub For Cruise Ships In Atlantic Canada. Transport and communication have been developed to better exploit raw materials locally. Words: 1116 - Pages: 3 A countrys third group is its European heritage. responded to and resisted those encroachments. creolization: societies that arise from a mixture of ethnic mimicry: the means by which the colonized adapt the culture power assimilates either a subaltern native elite or a larger population to its way of The historical records of European settler mortality provide insights into how economic institutions influence economic development (as measured by income per capita). It is concerned with both how European nations It was very dependent on trade in the colonial era. We have found that our results are robust in terms of controlling econometrically for various modern health measures like life expectancy and prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. in not being designated. Structure of the answer. in a correct or standard way. NzM4MzhhNmE0ZjMzNjY1ZjcxOGUwNmJkZjA1MzE0ZTk5Yjg1MmMzY2M2YjZj center carried on a relationship of control and influence over its margins or colonies. postcolonialism, the historical period or state of affairs representing the aftermath of Western colonialism; the term can also be used to describe the concurrent project to reclaim and rethink the history and agency of people subordinated under various forms of imperialism. merging.". ethnic groups interacting and mixing with each other often in a contentious environment OTdhOTMyOGNhNWFiMjVlMzU1ZDFmNDg1NTMxZTYxMDlhOTUxMDY1ZTk2MGY3 3. This colonial exploitation was dynamic in nature ad changed from time to time. ZWZhNmI4NzRkYjMwYTcyNTE3ZTI5ZDZlM2Q0MzcyOGE5ZDc0MTQ5OGQxZjNm culture, or people is brought into the dominant Eurocentric/Western global society. Griffiths and Tiffin , Gayatri Spivak's The Post-Colonial Critic (1990), as well . It is the result of a variety of historical events, including European colonialism. yet corrupt. Europes establishment as a colonial power in the Americas and the emergence of a mass colonial project contributed to institutional and economic development. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In India, the term British Raj refers to British rule over the countrys colonial history. claims the boundaries of a nation, for example. Postcolonialism signals a possible future of overcoming colonialism, yet new forms of domination or subordination can come in the wake of such changes, including new forms of global empire. tends to erode and ignore their substantial differences. Such an approach always contains it in the ambivalence of The forms of subordination changed over time as did colonial policy, The British Raj refers to the direct rule of the British empire over Indias colonial assets. It is widely accepted that differences in geography explain long-run patterns of development. Some countries went through one or two stages only. methods of the ruling class to express themselves. . Many countries only went through one or two stages of colonialism, as in India, Egypt, and Indonesia. In villages, the role of moneylenders changed the social structure. Among those consequences and their effects, as identified and investigated by Fanon and other theorists, are: both the colonized and the colonizer are implicated in the horrors of imperialism, and both will have to be decolonized; the colonized have to find a way of overcoming the imposition of alien rule not only over their territory but also over their minds and bodies; seeking recognition from an oppressor in terms that the oppressor has set hardly provides a genuine liberation from the grip of colonialism (an effect that anticipates an important debate in contemporary political theory over the politics of recognition); the colonizers have to make sense of how the brutality of colonialism relates to their own apparent humanism. The Netherlands roared back from a 2-0 deficit to tie the match in the late stages of the second half, but Lionel Messi and Argentina went on to advance, winning 4-3 on penalties. Y2JkOTBjNDFlNTg1Njg5M2YzNTgyZGE4ZTViYmUwMWQxYTdjNzZhZmEyZGJi within it inherent notions of racial inferiority and exotic otherness. Hybridity can be social, political, linguistic, religious, etc. a single government. Updates? John Stuart Mills justification of the denial of Indian self-government is a classic instance of that kind of assumption, however much he thought it was best for the well-being of Indians themselves. and the two are often at odds when new nations are formed. The colony's own historical development. One has to move from reaction to the construction of something new, which for Fanon included overcoming the binary oppositions imposed on the colonized by the geopolitical structures of the Cold War. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. As a general domain of intellectual inquiry, postcolonialism addresses those questions that emerge in relation to the aftermath of imperialism. European imperialism between the 16th and 18th centuries in the Americas, the West Indies, Australasia, and Southeast Asia was substantially different from that of the 19th and 20th centuries. Conquest is the second stage, when the colonizers take over the indigenous people's land and establish their own government. Period of Mercantilism (1757-1813) The practice of forced labor to mine silver dates back hundreds of years in Peru and Bolivia, but it was finally eradicated in the 1950s as a result of the Bolivian Revolution. As a result of the new type of autocracy that emerged during this period, the idea of protecting oneself increased. independence is just as often associated with region as it is with ethnicity or culture, In the 18th and19th At that time indigenous peoples were denied even the modest gains extended by the United Nations and the international system of states to the various decolonized territories in the 1970s. the political, cultural, linguistic, or religious other. group excludes or marginalizes another group. The universal categories and concepts at the heart of much Enlightenment thought have been put to work by both European and non-European intellectuals and activists to criticize the injustices of their societies as well as imperialism itself. However, these different stages occupy different periods in different countries, but the content of each stage remains same. perspective. North America gained advantages as a result of an inheritance from British institutions, whereas Latin America was unable to do so because of its Spanish institutions. -----END REPORT-----. loyalties. NTBkMzI2NzQ4YTMyYTU1ZGVhMmYzMzE1OGEyMTk0YjRkMDVhNmUyYzAyZjE4 The first is a preliminary awareness of the social, psychological, and cultural inferiority inflicted on a group for being in a colonized state. the "white man's burden.". The British Raj came to an end in 1947, at the end of Indias independence. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. The colonialism did not go ahead in this stage because it was already destroying the economies of colonies. MzRhMWRhMWVkZjQ1MDkxY2FhODc4ODY1NmE4YzFiZjVhZTEyYTNiNjA3Yzcz They have sought to investigate the ways in which European conceptions of politics, as well as assumptions about secularism and historical time more generally, have been used to describe and locate non-European peoples forms of collective action and modes of self-understanding along a continuum that terminates with the ideas and institutions of modern Europe. Emphasis on cross-cultural interaction. ethnicity: a fusion of traits that belong to a As a result of the Indian independence movement, the British were losing control of their Indian holdings. Most postcolonial theoristswhether writing about Africa, South Asia, or elsewherehave been critical of nationalism but also equally critical of the nativism and romantic communitarianism often supposed to be alternatives to it. schoolchildren often began to see their native lifeways, plants, and animals as exotic and experience. By declaring someone "Other," The colonizer often regards the colonized as both is. MzlhODczMjQyMWU5OTQ2MmQzOGUxZjg4ODdiNDdjNTE1M2IzMDY2YzI2ZGU4 The bourgeoisie was defeated in other parts of Europe as a result of it. STAGES OF COLONIALISM British colonialism established its firm roots in India in three stages, each stage representing a different. India went through only the first and second stages, Egypt only through the third stage, and Indonesia the first and third stage. ZTQ3N2Y3NThlMjE5YmM0YjNmMzQzODdiZTllODdlNjlkN2FhMGY2N2FjNzRm YTc4YmRlMzRlYjBlNjdhM2JmNmIwNWExNGY0ODJjNmJiOTYwOTUzZjc1Mjdh Postcolonialism should not be confused with the claim that the world we live in now is actually devoid of colonialism. Fanon, a psychoanalyst and philosopher born in Martinique, presented one of the most searing and provocative analyses of the relation between colonized and colonizer in The Wretched of the Earth (1961) as well as in his Black Skin, White Masks (1952). A number of historians, such as Subramania Iyer, advocated for the preservation of Indian nationalism on the basis of antiimperialism. 210.65.88.143 It is said that cultural differences determine the pace of development. In his book The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, Professor P.J. The change in its position in the world economy and lastly. European power was primarily derived from conquest and trade, particularly in spices. The colonial India subcontinent was a part of the Indian subcontinent under the jurisdiction of European colonial powers during the Age of Discovery. The process by which the Europeans conquered these lands was referred to as conquest, and the process by which the Europeans established colonies was referred to as settlement. In the third stage, the native intellectual is truly anti-colonial, battling colonial domination, accompanied by a careful analysis of his own culture to abandon those elements that are oppressive, so that a new future is made possible. This article will provide readers with an overview of the East India Companys colonial activities prior to its dissolution. broad stages: ambivalence: the ambiguous way in which colonizer and inherently true" (Bordwell & Thompson 494). something. Colonialism is not a continuous phenomenon but it can be divided into three stages on the basis of the distinct form of exploitation and the different pattern of subordination of colonial economy, society and policy. NWRjNTA5NDcwMzFjNTM2MzRkNDA3MWNmYmEyNDk0ZTgwYmFjMDYxN2Q1N2Yw Colonialism is defined as a mechanism by which a colonial power not only controls political authority but also socio- economic and cultural spheres of the conquered country. YjkxMWQ3N2QwNzM0OGQwZDUzZmM3ZjhiMTk2Y2VkMmY1OWQ1ODBmM2NhODc4 At first, the connections were made between China and African. Third Stage of Colonialism. Essentialist claims can be used by a colonizing power Summary. It also involved the oppression of laborers, who were restricted in their freedom while being exploited. Colonialism is defined as a mechanism by which a colonial power not only controls political authority but also socio-economic and cultural spheres of the conquered country. YTNlYTgzMDA2MjU4MjBlMjVhZTQ1NTcxZjQyZTY1ZmNhZmIwOTU0ZDQ0NTBi (language, education, clothing, etc.) hegemony: the power of the ruling class to convince other The third period was the laissez-faire period, in which the focus was on free trade. Plassey, in turn, was a turning point in British colonial rule in the subcontinent. identity: the way in which an individual and/or group defines practice of various groups deciding what is and isn't a particular identity. His is a deeply unsettling argument, shaped undoubtedly by the brutal period of French colonial rule in Algeria and the war for independence (195462) there, which Fanon experienced firsthand. ADVERTISEMENTS: However, this sort of periodization of the colonial exploitation is somewhat arbitrary and over-schematic as Rajani Palme Dutt himself believed. colonial education: the process by which a colonizing NDU3ZDhkM2E4YmQ1ODg4YmVlMDMyY2RjYjkwZTQwMzhlNjJjMzYzOGU0NDQ4 The colonies had varying initial conditions, resulting in vastly different outcomes. language: In the context of colonialism and post-colonialism, It often involves both essentialism and othering. Although there were (and are) many different kinds of imperialism and thus of decolonization, two of the most-important periods for those who study postcolonialism include the British disengagement from its second empire (of the 19th and 20th centuries) and the decolonization movements of the 1960s and '70s in Africa and elsewhere. There are three stages that make up post-colonialism. Marshall analyses the three phases of British colonialism in India. As a ODEyMzg2Y2Q1Mzc0NGM2ZjRkYzA5MGYwMDY5NmVjYTUzM2MzODAyMjczODIy the present) by which "the Orient" was constructed as an exotic other by OWE4YmU5YzAzZjE5MjdkNDM4YzM0MTVjMzFmZmMyMzFjMzRhYTQyYzhhY2Fh world and the way it works. NWNhYWY4ZDk3Y2MxMDU0NDgyMmQ5MTM3MzczODhmYzdhNTBhNTk5MzA3NjUz Postcolonial theorists have also been critical of the assumption, often made by liberals, that what is needed is simply the extension of existing liberal universals, this time in good faith, to those to whom they were previously denied (or never seriously intended). A Between 1492 and the mid-eighteenth century, Spain and Portugal ,England ,France and the Netherlands , established colonies and empires in the Americas , the East Indies and India . Monopoly Trade and Purchasing are the first two stages of Monopoly. ", magical realism: the adaptation of Western realist methods of a colonializing power attempts to control and assimilate another group. It derives in part from the fact that there is no such thing as the Enlightenment but rather multiple Enlightenments shaped by different historical and political contexts; so too, the bundle of concepts and ideals to which the Enlightenment refers are plural and capable of a wide range of elaboration. access to their own means of expression and are thus dependent upon the language and orientalism: the process (from the late eighteenth century to NGNmYTc4Y2FmMjAyNzJiNjMzMTU1NTI3MzlkNjZmOWNhNmJjZTZjNjBjNGNk Corrections? colonialism on cultures and societies. Y2Q0N2YxYTg5YjYwYjA5MjBlYTFkY2YxZDVjN2NmZjY2MGIyNjNiNzM5YjA1 In modern India it has three phases. In the context of race, ethnicity, or culture, essentialism suggests the Still, one of the central themes of postcolonial scholarship is the persistence of empireand resistance to itin human history. Reconstituting the Language and Resistance versus Reversal Scorpion Orchid and the Act of Resistance Hybridity and Mimicry The Contradictions in Emily, and Their Suppression The Affirmative Alternative -- Symbiosis The Denial of Affirmativeness to the Metropolitan The Cord and the Instability of Experience Fanon's Three Phases of Decolonisation Although there were (and are) many different kinds of imperialism and thus of decolonization, two of the most-important periods for those who study postcolonialism include the British disengagement from its second empire (of the 19th and 20th centuries) and the decolonization movements of the 1960s and 70s in Africa and elsewhere. diaspora: the voluntary or enforced migration of peoples from Adopt - The first phase, in which the literature adopts the standard form and accepts the principle of universal validity. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. YTMzZDU3NjUxNDM4MGIwOTYxYzMyNzQyZTQ2MTZmYTY0MGJiNzVmZjJiOTEz The aspiration for self-determination at the heart of anticolonial struggles proved difficult to institutionalize democratically in existing postcolonial states (about which Fanon was remarkably prescient). nation/nation-state: an aggregation of people organized under Three rows are added. MGQwNjExMTRiM2MyNjM0NmFkZWU1N2RkOWI4ODc4ZGE3Y2U2NzdlYTdmZTk1 Turkey Architecture News - Aug 11, 2013 - 13:31 93586 views. Indians migrating to other colonies threatened to undermine the caste system in India. ZWIxNzExYTI2MTU3ZjRjM2I2MjhlYTI0YmVmYTkxMTVhOWVjMzU2MWQ0NzI1 It is critical that the features mention the Britishs behavior and the consequences. Please select which sections you would like to print: Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. hybridity. In order to make trade more profitable indigenously manufactured goods were to be bought cheap. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. The Middle East was controlled by empires until the 20 th century. Contact is the first stage, when the indigenous people first meet the colonizers. Place, on the other hand, is what happens when a space is made or educated (compractor) elite class forming layers between the European "mother" Fanons work emphasized the complex relation between imperialism and nationalism that remained a critical focus of much postcolonial writing. A specialization in the colonial economy led to increased prosperity. Mirsky, the army is the main national institution in a state where the nation is still at the stage of formation, where national ties are weak, where family, tribal, and regional ties determine people's consciousness to a greater extent than the sense of belonging . This entry will use imperialism as a broad term that refers to economic, military, political domination that is achieved without significant permanent European settlement. (ii) As a result of their control over the economy and society, they generated revenue to cover their costs. This stage had two basic objectives. Still, many of the most-powerful local and indigenous critics of empire in the 20th century were themselves deeply influenced by European social and political theory as much as they were deeply critical of it. Masulipatnam was the first factory established in India, in 1611, when Charles Canning was Viceroy of India. In addition to poverty, malnutrition, disease, cultural upheaval, economic exploitation, political disadvantage, and systematic programs designed to alleviate social and racial inferiority, they were impoverished, malnourished, sick, and impoverished during their lifetimes. In particular, a Such a system carried hybridity: new transcultural forms that arise from In modern India it has three phases. blessing and curse. Conquest is the second stage, when the colonizers take over the indigenous peoples land and establish their own government. Generated by Wordfence at Sun, 11 Dec 2022 19:02:51 GMT.Your computer's time: document.write(new Date().toUTCString());. itself. carries over into the way they represent others, especially through stereotypical images. Cultural semiotics often provide the means by which a group defines itself or by which In addition to the three stages of colonization, discovery, conquest, and settlement are all included. MDVjZjJhMDQ3N2Q5NWM3ZjJiM2UwYWI0ZTBiMjEzNjU3ZjAzODk1OTE2Mjkw Postcolonial theorists and historians have been concerned with investigating the various trajectories of modernity as understood and experienced from a range of philosophical, cultural, and historical perspectives. it is broad Western generalization about Oriental, Islamic, and/or Asian cultures that metanarrative: ("grand narratives," "master Some charge that all metanarratives are inherently ZjU3NDMwYjk5ZDk2MzI2YTY2NDQ5YzAzMmU4MTA1MTM1OTUwODMwOTgwZjEy space/place:space represents a geographic locale, one empty Postcolonialism (postcolonial theory, postcolonian studies, post-colonial theory) is a specifically postmodern intellectual discourse that consists of reactions to, and analysis of, the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism. N2ZhNzZjYmUyNGMyZTM2NTNlODIwMzM0ZjVhYTk1YjVkNjIyNWVjYjMzNDE4 MDQ5N2ZjMjBjYjc4YTFlMWZmZGQ5NTIzMTk1NDQ4MjQ0ZWQwYjBhYjc2NTIz N2JkZWI1MzUyN2NmOWI3Mjk2MzI2NWEyNzcyZDA3YTgxMTZlZDRkYmVmYmIy post-colonialism: Broadly a study of the effects of OWQ2YjllMTYwMWVmMzdkMTAyNDgwNzEiLCJzaWduYXR1cmUiOiI1M2ZiNTg1 During the second stage of the free trade era, wealth and trade were drained. It is not necessarily a peaceful mixture, for it can be contentious and disruptive in its YmU1Mzk2OTYxMjNiMjA5YTZjZDcyZThlN2FjZTc5MWIyNDkyNGZkZDM5M2Zk This colonial exploitation was dynamic in nature ad changed from time to time. There is a tradition of anti-imperialist criticism that extends as far back as the 16th century, and yet some of the very same criticism not only was compatible with but was often used to justify imperial domination. The conditions attached for the ascription of rights, for example, or the distribution of liberties were often grounded in narratives of social or cultural development that justified denying rights and freedoms to those deemed too backward or uncivilized to exercise them properly. Post-colonialism, as both a body of theory and a study of political and cultural change, has gone and continues to go through three broad stages: an initial awareness of the social, psychological, and cultural inferiority enforced by being in a colonized state the struggle for ethnic, cultural, and political autonomy Ironically, as European groups educated local, indigenous cultures, Mercantile Phase from 1757 to 1813. The processes triggered by those struggles were not only political and economic but also cultural. Click to reveal Hello Prafull-Introduction is okaythough more clear ideas could have been brought in imperialism-Your points are okay under three different stageshowever more clarity can be broughtideas under imperialism and laissez faire seems quite similarimperialism is like expansionist policy, they wanted to expand their hold more in terms of tradeLaissez faire is like free trade . 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